Probiotic recolonisation therapy

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the treatment of chronic diseases associated with the presence of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host, which compositions comprise viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Clostridia. The compositions further comprise one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of  Bacteroides , Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic  cocci, Ruminococcus, E. coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus , and fungi. The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the treatment of the same chronic diseases comprising viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic  Escherichia coli , at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic  Bacteroides  and at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the treatment of diseases in mammals, in particular to the treatment of chronic disorders associated with the presence of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora in the gastrointestinal tract. The invention also relates to methods of treating such diseases.

BACKGROUND ART

There are large numbers of patients suffering from gastro-intestinal symptoms referrable to the lower small bowel and large bowel which to date have eluded explanation. These disorders include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or spastic colon, idiopathic ulcerative colitis, mucous colitis, collagenous colitis, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease in general, microscopic colitis, antibiotic-associated colitis, idiopathic or simple constipation, diverticular disease, and AIDS enteropathy. Pathophysiology of these disorders eludes logical explanation in spite of decades of research and millions of dollars of research funds. A common underlying factor shared by all these disorders observed by the present inventor is their onset or aggravation following some extraneous invading infection eg travellers diarrhoea. In all the disorders, a specific causal infection generally cannot be demonstrated due to our inability to detect infecting agents whose cultural characteristics are unknown to medical science.

Circumstantial evidence which suggests that these disorders are “infection-related” includes:

-   -   (a) onset following a gastro-intestinal infection which failed         to completely resolve;     -   (b) transient improvement with use of certain antibiotics, but         recurrence upon cessation of antibiotics;     -   (c) transient improvement following orthostatic lavage prior to         colonoscopy and;     -   (d) transient symptom improvement with use of “colonic”         irrigation.

It is impractical to use long-term antibiotic therapy (with its associated complications) in such patients since cure is not obtained with its use. Furthermore, chronic gut infections with recognised, specific pathogens such as Clostridium difficile, Yersinia enterocolitica or Campylobacter jejuni/coli are generally not eradicated with antibiotics. Some previous attempts have been made to alter the enteric microflora in order to eradicate such chronic infections. These measures nevertheless indicate that alteration of bacterial flora may effect dramatic clinical improvement in conditions characterised by chronic, resistant enterocolitic infection. However there remain many chronic disorders of uncertain aetiology or causation, which are resistant to cure by current therapeutic techniques.

The use of probiotics in the human population has been largely confined to the inclusion in various foods of live organism of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria and less frequently Streptococcus faecalis or several strains of Escherichia coli. These organisms are thought to promote health via immune stimulation and reconstitution of what is presumed to be normal flora. Such usage stems back to the beliefs generated by Mechnikov in the early 1900s. The use of probiotics to treat established infections in the gastrointestinal tract has been lesser but a growing part of the use of probiotics. Fungal agents such as Saccharomyces boulardii have been used to treat, albeit inefficiently, Clostridium difficile infection and Lactobacillus GG has also been used for this purpose (Floch M. Probiotics and Dietary Fibre. J Clin Gastroenterol 1998; 27(2):99-100). Various patents have claimed the use of probiotics for narrow disease conditions including treatment of Clostridium difficile with a combination of Vancomycin and butyric acid bacteria (U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,315), diarrhoea prevention using Lactobacillus (U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,238) or Bifidobacterium (U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,743), Lactobacillus acidophilus to inhibit cryptosporidium (U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,356) and mixtures of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in infants to prevent diarrhoea. Enterococcus faecium has been claimed to be useful in alleviating symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in humans (U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,578) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,728,380) but this has not recognised Clostridium as the underlying agent in this condition. Clostridium butyricum as a single agent has been claimed to be a biological intestinal antiseptic for treatment of bacterial food poisonings (U.S. Pat. No. 4,892,731), but its use in chronic disease treatment was not contemplated.

Previous attempts to alter the enteric microflora of a patient have prescribed the removal of at least a part of the host's existing enteric microflora, for instance by lavage, prior to substitution with predetermined desired microflora. This procedure, which was the preferred embodiment of WO90/01335 has the distinct disadvantages of complicating the treatment and of causing further discomfort to the patient. This patent also advocated the use of dried, reconstituted faeces or a synthetic mixture comprising Bacteroides sp. and Escherichia coli. It has now been surprisingly found that lavage or other methods of removal of at least a part of the host's existing enteric microflora can be omitted provided a non-pathogenic Clostridium sp. is included within the probiotic replacement mixture. Such a replacement mixture has the dual ability of displacing pathogenic bacteria, frequently Clostridial in nature and also establishing a normal environment in which commensal bacteria can establish. Such a treatment permits long-term recovery both from gastrointestinal disorders and from systemic afflictions not hitherto considered to be caused by harmful enteric flora. These are also called ‘para-infective’ phenomena and can include rheumatological, neurological, regressive, hepatic, and dermatological conditions among others.

Autism is a regressive disorder of childhood, affecting boys four times more often than girls. It has been observed that the onset of autism is often preceded by broad spectrum antibiotic use eg for recurrent ear infections. Antibiotic therapy is non-discriminatory in its action and apart from treating the ear infection the microflora of the healthy gastrointestinal tract can be severely disrupted by such treatment. This creates an environment where vulnerability to opportunistic microorganism colonisation is heightened.

Clostridium tetani is a widely distributed, spore forming anaerobe. Toxigenic strains of Clostridium tetani produce the extremely potent tetanus neurotoxin which is known to enter the central nervous system from the intestinal tract via the vagus nerve (Hensel B et al. Naunyn Schmeidebergs Arch Pharmocol 1973; 276:395). Bolte (Med Hypotheses 1998; 51:133) has hypothesised that opportunistic infection by Clostridium tetani may be responsible for the behavioural and medical symptoms present in a sub-group of individuals diagnosed with autism. Others have also raised the possibility of clostridia in general as a cause of disease (Borriello S P. Clin Infect Dis 1995; Suppl 2:5242).

Sandler et al. (Fourth Int. Symp. Brain-Gut Interactions. 1998; 10: 363) report a trial in which children with delayed onset autism were treated with vancomycin over an 8 week period. All children in the trial had had antecedent broad-spectrum antibiotic exposure, followed by chronic persistent diarrhoea and then onset of autistic features. Although significant post-treatment improvement was noted, all children eventually regressed towards baseline.

It is on the background of these known facts and later the results of trials of treatment, that the present invention was formulated. In brief, it was noted that autistic children (as well as related syndromes) who were referred for treatment of refractory ‘irritable bowel syndrome’ (IBS) viz diarrhoea, flatulence, constipation, distension, abdominal pains etc—responded to treatment of their IBS when treated with a novel mix of probiotics. However, not only did their IBS improve dramatically but also their autistic features progressively regressed. Even after the initial 2-6 weeks of treatment eye contact was re-established, repetitive movements were much reduced, and word power (observed vocabulary) expanded—initially 20 words and ultimately >600 words at 12 months (estimated), creating ability of the autistic children to form long sentences. Continuing improvement was observed to occur over 12 months of treatment. These observations (to a lesser but definite degree at this stage of observations) also applied to those with Rett syndrome and children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), and autism variant Aspergers syndrome. The observations strongly suggest that the treatment of presumed enteric infection/s (eg Clostridial) in these conditions not only improves the IBS present but also the attendant neurological ‘para-infective’ phenomena called collectively autism, Aspergers, Rett syndrome, ADD or ADHD.

The inclusion within this specification of reference to published documents is not to be taken to be an admission that any one or more of those documents, nor the disclosure of any one or more of those documents, is part of the common general knowledge.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

It is thus an object of the present invention to provide novel pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the treatment of various disease states related to the presence of ‘abnormal’ microflora in the gastrointestinal tract. It is a further object of the invention to propose the use of these pharmaceutical compositions in various disease states which have not previously been considered to owe their causation to the presence of abnormal flora in the gastrointestinal tract.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention recognises chronic infection/infestation as the underlying pathological process in a wide range of chronic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, particularly when characterised by chronic abdominal pain, bloating, or excessive flatulence, together with chronic diarrhoea or alternating constipation/diarrhoea, and also in spastic colon, mucous colitis, collagenous colitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's colitis, microscopic colitis, idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, antibiotic-associated colitis, idiopathic or simple constipation, diverticular disease and AIDS enteropathy.

The invention has also been found to relate to other gastrointestinal disorders of unexplained aetiology such as polyposis coli and colonic polyps, which may well be influenced by the local bowel microflora.

In addition the present invention also provides a method of treatment of chronic gastrointestinal infections with specific microorganisms such as Clostridium difficile, Yersinia spp, Campylobacter spp, Aeromonas spp, Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium spp, Amoebae, Blastocystitis homini's, Giardia and even chronic viral infections, and of small bowel bacterial overgrowth.

The present invention furthermore, recognises the close association between the intestine and liver disease, and the intestine and migraines and chronic fatigue syndrome, and possibly other neurological syndromes such as, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP), Guillain Barre Syndrome, and other degenerative disorders. Hence, it is proposed that a considerable proportion of currently unexplained diseases of the liver and nervous system of unknown aetiology may be explicable by the chronic growth of pathogens within the small/large intestine and the subsequent passage of antigenic material, pathogenic toxins or ao biological response modifiers (BRMs) into the portal system (liver damage) or systemic circulation with antibody formation (neurological conditions). Specifically, such hepato/biliary system disorders as primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, fatty liver of unknown aetiology, or cryptogenic cirrhosis, may be secondary to chronic pathogen carrier state in the intestine.

The links between the intestine and joint disease are also recognised. Joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, the non-rheumatoid arthritidies including, ankylosing spondylitis, and Reiter's syndrome, may also be causally related to a chronic intestinal carrier state, as may other syndromes with an immune mediated component such as glomerulonephritis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, juvenile diabetes mellitus, Behcet's syndrome, coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. Similarly, syndromes with an immune complex mediated component, such as scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed cryoglobulinaemia, polyarteritis, familial Mediterranean fever, amyloidosis, and the various presentations of such syndromes, together with such “idiopathic” states as chronic urticaria, may be manifestations of variations of immune regulated responses to related bowel-origin pathogens chronically shedding their antigen(s), toxins or biological response modifiers into the circulation. Other chronic conditions such as acne, and chronic idiopathic pseudo-obstructive syndrome, may well be influenced by similar mechanisms.

For many of these syndromes present therapy offers only palliation of symptoms and/or the induction of remission of the disease process but not cure. The present inventor therefore recognised the need to find a curative therapy for these wide ranging disease processes associated with considerable morbidity.

By judicious selection of the microorganisms of the invention it has been surprisingly found by the present inventor that lasting recolonisation of the gut microflora does not require pretreatment to remove a portion of the host's existing enteric microflora. Thus, by incorporation of Clostridia spp. in the therapy, it has been surprisingly found that the prior art requirement for removal of at least a portion of the existing enteric microflora before administration of the substitute microflora is rendered unnecessary. Without the addition specifically of Clostridia species, the use of probiotic mixtures, eg such as those of bacteroides and Escherichia coli failed to have the necessary impact on the above-mentioned clinical disorders for the treatment to be clinically useful.

It required a prior purging of the gut of its presumably infected and abnormal bowel flora, re colonisation with bacteroides and Escherichia coli—the main components of lower intestinal tract, and ongoing feeding of patients with such bacteria until colonisation was established. The use of Clostridia appears to be the mainstay of this new therapy and the Clostridia appear to have power of themselves to remove offending bacterial species which may be responsible for the underlying condition (presumably pathogenic clostridia—yet to be identified scientifically). Hence, the combination of non-pathogenic clostridia together with the crucial major colonic bacterial components of bacteroides and Escherichia coli can now be used as oral therapy to crowd out/destroy/replace and recolonise the dysbiotic flora of patients with various gastrointestinal conditions which are caused by abnormal bowel flora. In fact, such a therapy becoming available has permitted or allowed greater understanding of the pathogenesis of many other conditions which hitherto were thought to be caused by degenerative, inflammatory, or auto immune mechanisms.

Thus according to a first embodiment of the invention there is provided a pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of chronic disorders associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which composition comprises viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Clostridia.

Typically the composition includes Clostridia selected from the group consisting of Clostridium absonum, Clostridium argentinense, Clostridium baratii, Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium cadaveris, Clostridium carnis, Clostridium celatum, Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium clostridioforme, Clostridium cochlearium, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium fallax, Clostridium felsineum, Clostridium ghonii, Clostridium glycolicum, Clostridium haemolyticum, Clostridium hastiforme, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium irregulare, Clostridium limosum, Clostridium malenominatum, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium oroticum, Clostridium paraputrificum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium piliforme, Clostridium putrefaciens, Clostridium putrificum, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium sardiniense, Clostridium sartagoforme, Clostridium scindens, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium sordellii, Clostridium sphenoides, Clostridium spiroforme, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium subterminale, Clostridium symbiosum, Clostridium tertium, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium welchii, Clostridium villosum.

In a preferred form the composition further comprises one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species and, more specifically, bacteria selected from Table 1. Preferably fungi are also present such as Monilia.

In a preferred form the composition comprises Clostridia, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus.

In a more preferred form the composition comprises Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium butyricum, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, one or more strains of Escherichia coli, and one or more strains of Lactobacillus.

Alternatively, in a preferred form the composition comprises Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium innocuum, and Clostridium butyricum in combination one or more strains of Escherichia coli, one or more strains of bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus productus.

According to a second embodiment of the invention there is provided a pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of chronic disorders associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which composition comprises viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Escherichia coli, at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bacteroides, and at least one other viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism.

In a preferred form the other viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Peptostreptococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus.

Typically the composition of the first or second embodiments of the invention is derived from disease screened fresh homologous faeces, equivalent freeze-dried and reconstituted faeces or a “synthetic” faecal composition. The fresh homologous faeces does not include an antibiotic resistant population.

Typically, the composition of the first or second embodiments of the invention is a synthetic faecal composition.

In a preferred form the synthetic faecal composition comprises a preparation of viable flora which preferably in proportional content, resembles normal healthy human faecal flora which does not include antibiotic resistant populations. Suitable microorganisms may be selected from the following: Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Clostridium, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, Bifidobacterium, species and, more specifically, bacteria selected from Table 1. Preferably fungi are also present such as Monilia.

In a preferred form the composition of the first or second embodiments of the invention comprises a liquid culture.

Preferably, the composition of the first or the second embodiments of the present invention is lyophilised, pulverised and powdered. It may then be infused, dissolved such as in saline, as an enema.

Alternatively the powder may be encapsulated as enteric-coated capsules for oral administration. These capsules may take the form of enteric-coated microcapsules. As a powder it can preferably be provided in a palatable form for reconstitution for drinking or for reconstitution as a food additive. The composition can be provided as a powder for sale in combination with a food or drink. Typically, the food or drink is a dairy-based product or a soy-based product. The invention therefore also includes a food or food supplement containing a composition according to the first or second embodiment. In a preferred form the food or food supplement contains enteric-coated microcapsules of the composition of the invention. In a preferred form the food is yogurt.

The powder may be reconstituted also to be infused via naso-duodenal infusion.

The composition can be combined with other adjuvants such as antacids to dampen bacterial inactivation in the stomach., eg Mylanta, Mucaine, Gastrogel. Acid secretion in the stomach could also be pharmacologically suppressed using H2-antagonists or proton pump inhibitors. Typically, the H2-antagonist is ranitidine. Typically the proton pump inhibitor is omeprazole.

The composition of the first or second embodiments of the invention is therefore preferably in the form of:

-   -   an enema composition which can be reconstituted with an         appropriate diluent, or     -   enteric-coated capsules, or     -   enteric-coated microcapsules, or     -   powder for reconstitution with an appropriate diluent for         naso-enteric infusion or colonoscopic infusion, or     -   powder for reconstitution with appropriate diluent, flavouring         and gastric acid suppression agent for oral ingestion, or     -   powder for reconstitution with food or drink, or     -   food or food supplement comprising enteric-coated microcapsules         of the composition, powder, jelly, or liquid.

According to a third embodiment of the invention there is provided a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a chronic disorder associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a composition according to the first or second embodiment of the invention.

In its preferred form the treatment should effect a cure of the symptoms of such disorders. The change of flora is preferably as “near-complete” as possible and the flora is replaced by viable organisms which will crowd out any remaining, original flora.

The method of the present invention is applicable to animals in general, in particular humans and economically significant domestic animals.

In the case of humans, the present invention encompasses methods of treatment of chronic disorders associated with the presence of abnormal enteric microflora. Such disorders include but are not limited to those conditions in the following categories:

-   -   gastro-intestinal disorders including irritable bowel syndrome         or spastic colon, functional bowel disease (FBD), including         constipation predominant FBD, pain predominant FBD, upper         abdominal FBD, non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), gastro-oesophageal         reflux, inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's disease,         ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis, collagenous colitis,         microscopic colitis, chronic Clostridium difficile infection,         pseudomembranous colitis, mucous colitis, antibiotic associated         colitis, idiopathic or simple constipation, diverticular         disease, AIDS enteropathy, small bowel bacterial overgrowth,         coeliac disease, polyposis coli, colonic polyps, chronic         idiopathic pseudo obstructive syndrome;     -   chronic gut infections with specific pathogens including         bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa;     -   viral gastrointestinal disorders, including viral         gastroenteritis, Norwalk viral gastroenteritis, rotavirus         gastroenteritis, AIDS related gastroenteritis;     -   liver disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, primary         sclerosing cholangitis, fatty liver or cryptogenic cirrhosis;     -   rheumatic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, non-rheumatoid         arthritidies, non rheumatoid factor positive arthritis,         ankylosing spondylitis, Lyme disease, and Reiter's syndrome;     -   immune mediated disorders such as glomerulonephritis, haemolytic         uraemic syndrome, juvenile diabetes mellitus, mixed         cryoglobulinaemia, polyarteritis, familial Mediterranean fever,         amyloidosis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and         Behcets syndrome;     -   autoimmune disorders including systemic lupus, idiopathic         thrombocytopenic purpura, Sjogren's syndrome, haemolytic uremic         syndrome or scleroderma;     -   neurological syndromes such as chronic fatigue syndrome,         migraine, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,         myasthenia gravis, Gillain-Barre syndrome, Parkinson's disease,         Alzheimer's disease, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating         Polyneuropathy, and other degenerative disorders;     -   psychiatric disorders including chronic depression,         schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, manic depressive illness;     -   regressive disorders including Aspergers syndrome, Rett         syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and         attention deficit disorder (ADD);     -   the regressive disorder, autism;     -   sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), anorexia nervosa;     -   dermatological conditions such as, chronic urticaria, acne,         dermatitis herpetiformis and vasculitic disorders.

The above disorders are all characterised by their response to treatment with the method of the present invention.

Typically the change in enteric flora comprises introduction of an array of predetermined flora into the gastro-intestinal system, and thus in a preferred form the method of treatment comprises substantially completely displacing pathogenic enteric flora in patients requiring such treatment.

Furthermore, in some of these disorders a short course of antibiotics prior to probiotic treatment may be preferred to rid tissue-invasive pathogens originating in the bowel lumen. For example, in Crohn's disease, anti-tuberculosis therapy may be required for six to twelve weeks before the bowel is cleared out and the flora content exchanged for a predetermined flora.

Typically the antibiotic is an anti-Clostridial antibiotic such as vancomycin, rifampicin, and nitroimidazole or chloramphenicol. Typically the nitroimidazole is metronidazole.

In a preferred form of the invention, the method of treatment or prophylaxis further includes administration of at least one acid suppressant prior to administering, or in co-administration with, the composition of the invention.

In a preferred form of the invention the method of treatment or prophylaxis further includes nasogastric and/or nasoduodenal washout prior to administering said composition.

The introduction of the composition into the gastro-intestinal system can be effected by enema or per-colonoscope, via intubation of the small bowel using for example a large bore catheter equipped with distal balloon to effect rapid passage down the jejunum, or via the oral route with enteric-coated capsules, including enteric-coated microcapsules, or via the oral route with a supplemented food or drink.

In a preferred form the supplemented food or drink is a dairy-based or soy-based product. Typically the supplemented food product is yogurt.

According to the method of the invention each dose of the composition is in the range of about 10³ cells to about 10¹³ cells. Preferably each dose is in the range of about 10⁵ cells to about 10¹¹ cells. More preferably each dose is in the range of about 10⁹ cells to about 10¹¹ cells. In a preferred form of the invention an initial treatment regimen consisting of about 10¹⁰ cells per dose is administered about 3 to 6 times per day for a period sufficient to stabilise the gut flora. According to the method of the invention the treatment regimen may then comprise a maintenance dose of about 10¹⁰ cells per day.

Furthermore the present invention also relates to the treatment of animals, in particular to the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in economically important domestic animals, such as cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, goats etc. The method of the present invention has been found to be especially useful in the treatment of the various forms of necrotising enterocolitis which can be a major problem in animal stocks.

Obviously in the treatment of animals the appropriate composition of microflora will vary according to the species being treated and the constituent normal flora known to inhabit the gut. Thus the composition according to the invention would comprise, a preparation of viable flora which preferably in proportional content, resembles the normal healthy faecal flora of the species involved. The compositions may be prepared in any of the forms already described and administered accordingly.

BEST METHOD OF PERFORMING THE INVENTION

In the practice of the invention a synthetic faecal composition of predetermined flora in the form of a liquid or dry powdered culture of Clostridia, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Escherichia coil, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus, which composition does not include antibiotic resistant populations, is prepared as a liquid culture.

Typically the method of the invention is applicable to a patient suffering from a chronic disorder associated with the presence of abnormal microflora in the gastrointestinal tract such as irritable bowel syndrome.

In the practice of the invention a composition of predetermined flora in the form of a liquid culture of Clostridia, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus is ingested by the patient in an amount sufficient to replace and recolonise the dysbiotic flora of the gastrointestinal tract, and reverse the disease process. Alternatively fresh homologous faeces obtained from a disease screened donor are liquefied and mixed with unprocessed bran. The mixture is then homogenised anaerobically under CO₂ cover and infused into the patient per colonoscope.

Cure or remission of symptoms is then monitored subjectively and by assessment of stool frequency or other appropriate criteria.

Using liquid cultures of Clostridia, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus the inventor has achieved total reversal of colitis, irritable bowel syndrome and constipation.

As indicated in the method of treatment aspect of the invention, a preparatory course of appropriate antibiotics may be used. For example, Septrin for chronic yersiniasis, Metronidazole for ulcerative colitis, anti-TB therapy in Crohn's disease, or Vancomycin in chronic Clostridium difficile infestations.

TABLE 1 % of flora ^(b) Organism(s) 11.8(0.90) Bacteroides fragilis ss. Vulgatus  9.9(0.83) Eubacterium aerofaciens  8.9(0.78) Bacteroides fragilis ss. Thetaiotaomicron  6.6(0.68) Peptostreptococcus productus II  6.0(0.64) Bacteroides fragilis ss. Distasonis  4.4(0.55) Fusobacterium prausnitzil  3.5(0.49) Coprococcus eutactus  3.0(0.45) Eubacterium aerofaciens III  2.8(0.44) Peptostreptococcus productus I  2.7(0.43) Ruminococcus bronii  2.6(0.43) Bifidobacterium adolescentis  2.2(0.39) Gemmiger formicilis, Bifidobacterium longum  2.1(0.38) Eubacterium siraeum  1.8(0.35) Ruminococcus torques  1.7(0.34) Eubacterium rectale III-H  1.6(0.33) Eubacterium rectale IV, Eubacterium eligens  1.5(0.32) Bacteroides eggerthii  1.4(0.31) Clostridium leptum  1.3(0.29) Bacteroides fragilis ss. A  1.2(0.29) Eubacterium biforme 0.91(0.25) Bifidobacterium infantis 0.84(0.24) Eubacterium rectale III-F 0.57(0.20) Coprococcus comes, Bacteroides capillosus 0.50(0.18) Ruminococcus albus, Eubacterium formicigenerans, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium ventriosum I, Fusobacterium russii 0.43(0.17) Ruminococcus obeum, Eubacterium rectale II, Clostridium ramosum I, Lactobacillus leichmanii 0.36(0.16) Ruminococcus caflidus, Butyrivibrio crossotus 0.30(0.14) Acidaminococcu fermentans, Eubacterium ventriosum, Bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis, Bacteroides AR 0.23(0.12) Coprococcus catus, Eubacterium hadrum, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium ruminantium, Eubacterium CH-1, Staphylococcus epidermidis 0.17(0.10) Peptostreptococcus BL, Eubacterium limosum, Bacteroides praeacutus, Bacteroides L, Fusobacterium mortiferum I, Fusobacterium naviforme, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium ramosum, Propionibacterium acnes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens 0.10(0.08) Ruminococcus AT, Peptococcus AU-1, Eubacterium AG, -AK, -AL, -AL-1, -AN; Bacteroides fragilis ss. ovatus, -ss. d, -ss. f; Bacteroides L-1, L-5; Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium mortiferum, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus morbiliorum 0.05(0.05) Peptococcus magnus, Peptococcus G, -AU-2; Streptococcus intermedius, Ruminococcus lactaris, Ruminococcus CO Gemmiger X, Coprococcus BH, -CC; Eubacterium tenue, Eubacterium ramulus, Eubacterium AE, -AG-H, -AG-M, -AJ, -BN-1; Bacteroides clostridiiformis ss. clostridliformis, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides orails, Bacteroides rumlnicola ss. brevis, -ss. ruminicola, Bacteroides splanchnlcus, Desuifomonas pigra, Bacteroides L-4, -N-i; Fusobacterium H, Lactobacillus G, Succinivibrio A ^(b) The percentage of the faecal population (the standard deviation of the estimate is given in parentheses).

The invention will now be further described with reference to the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES

Formulations:

The probiotic therapeutic agents may be prepared in liquid culture anaerobically or aerobically (depending on bacterium cultured) in pure form. Alternatively the probiotics may be cultured on solid media and scraped into a liquid carrier. The resulting product may be spray-dried into a powder form and encapsulated or combined with excipients to be delivered in sachets.

Combinations of Clostridia, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides, and Peptostreptococcus with or without Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria and Eubacteria may be used in varying disorders.

Example No 1-43 Year Old Female

Patient with long standing constipation not responsive to high-dose fibre usage together with prokinetics and standard anti-constipation treatments, was treated with increasing doses of orally administered bacterial mix (mixture composition included Clostridium innocuum, bifermentans, butyricum, together with Bacteroides fragilis, thetaiotaomicron and uniformis. Three strains of Escherichia coli were also included, as was Lactobacillus). This was ingested twice daily in the first two weeks and then daily thereafter. The patient was not given any pre-treatment purgative nor any antibiotics. However, she did take Ranitidine (an acid suppressant) three hours prior to ingestion of the bacterial mix. Two weeks after commencing the treatment the patients constipation—which would prevent her from defecating for up to four days—reversed to increased frequency with reduction of bloating. Initially, gas production increased and there was burbulance and gurgling in the abdomen but after four weeks of treatment the patient was defecating on a daily basis with no sensation of incomplete emptying and an almost total absence of bloating. Following the treatment she remained virtually normal, defecating on a daily basis with 3 month follow up.

Example No 2—4½ Year Old Male

Patient with 3 year history of diagnosis of autism associated with Irritable Bowel Syndrome characterised by constipation alternating with diarrhoea and flatulence, with foul motions, was treated with oral administration of bacterial mix consisting of Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium innocuum, and Clostridium butyricum in combination with three strains of Escherichia coli, three strains of bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus productus. These were ingested following acid suppression with Ranitidine and were at first taken 3 times daily, reducing to twice daily and then once daily maintenance for eight weeks. The patient's autistic symptoms were reversed quite dramatically with word power increasing from 20 to 200 words (counted by teacher at special ‘autistic’ school), he began to sleep through the night, and his IBS-type symptoms reverted to near-normality with less constipation, less diarrhoea and less foul flatulence. He developed eye contact, was able to speak sentences up to six words constructed to commands and he began to look, to the untrained eye, as a relatively normal child by about week 10.

Example 3 Male Child, 5½ Years Old

Male child, 5½ years of age with autism symptoms dating back to age of around 15 months—but diagnosed significantly later. The patient presented initially with gastrointestinal symptoms in association with classical autism—for treatment of the bowel symptoms. Although stool test did not indicate any specific pathogen the bowel symptoms resembled those of a chronic infection or adult Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), ie intermittent diarrhoea, constipation, cramping, colicky pain, inability to sleep at night, occasional explosive diarrhoea and incontinence. The patient was treated with orthostatic lavage using sodium pico-sulfate followed by water to produce voluminous diarrhoea and to flush out the enteric contents. He was then given 125 mg Vancomycin three times daily orally followed by oral re-colonisation with bacteria at a concentration of 10⁹ through to 10¹⁰, suspended in yoghurt—of strains which included bacteroides, Escherichia coli, and non pathogenic Clostridia—including Clostridium innocuum, bifermentans and ramosum. The response was quite noticeable, in the reversal of the abnormal stool function towards normality. The patient was also able to sleep through the night without any explosive diarrhoea and produced formed stools within five days of commencing the bacterial therapy. While the bacteriotherapy was continued the bowel symptoms were well controlled. Within 3-4 weeks of missing out the treatment for a week or two some of the symptoms would begin to recur. This suggested that the abnormal bacterial flora was suppressed rather than being cured with this treatment in this patient. The unexpected finding however, was a noticeable and marked reversal of symptoms of autism. Whereas previously repetitive movements were present with lack of eye contact, eye contact returned fairly rapidly together with cessation of repetitive movement and progressive increase of word power from around 20 words to around 600 words by the sixth month of treatment. The therapy continues now for more than 12 months with sustained reversal of autism and IBS symptoms.

Example 4 Male Child, 7 Years Old

A seven year old male patient was referred for treatment initially of bowel problems. He had developed autism between age 1 and 2 years characterised by lack of eye contact, repetitive movements, poorly developed cognitive abilities, vocabulary of fewer than 20 words The marked bowel symptoms were characterised by either constipation or large voluminous motions, sometimes diarrhoea and explosive stools. Stool examination was negative.

The patient was given a pre-treatment of Vancomycin 125 mg twice daily and at one week he was given an orthostatic lavage consisting of picosulfate preparation which flushed out his bowel. He was then given twice daily oral bacteriotherapy consisting of cultures containing living probiotics. These included several bacteroides species, Escherichia coli and non-pathogenic Clostridia such as Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium bifermentans and Clostridium innocuum.

Within two weeks the bowel symptoms reversed to normal defecation with soft, formed stool—once or twice per day. Constipation disappeared, eye contact returned over the next six weeks and vocabulary and word use quite dramatically improved, to everyone's surprise. When followed for eight months over 600 words could be counted in the vocabulary with sentences of up to eight words being constructed where previously this was not possible. Some abstract thinking was noted by teachers at the special autism school. Parents in particular noted reduced aggression, greater co-operation, and general increasing ability to develop a more normal relationship with the child. Repetitive action also disappeared.

Example 5 Male Child, 6 Years Old

A male patient aged 6 was referred to the clinic for treatment of chronic diarrhoea and at times incontinence. The child had been autistic since the age of one year and three months. The diagnosis however was delayed. He had slow cognitive development and very limited vocabulary. There was virtually absent eye contact and at times violent and explosive behaviour. The greatest problem with management was that of control of defecation as the child developed a fascination with the stools which would then be spread over furniture and walls. This brought severe pressure upon the family with respect to difficulty with management. Stool test was collected and again was negative for any pathogen. The patient was given Vancomycin 250 mg twice daily for 10 days after which a polyethylene glycol orthostatic lavage achieved a large volume flush of the bowel. He was then given twice daily oral bacteriotherapy in a neutral yogurt as a carrier. Within one week the bowel function returned to virtual normality. However, the behavioural changes were just as rapid in reversing again characterised by fairly rapid reduction in aggressiveness and uncontrollable behaviour, sleeping through the night, increased eye contact, and progressively increased word power. The behaviour of spreading stools also disappeared, more as a behavioural change than learnt phenomenon. The patient was continued on medications for over a year and progressively improved in all parameters—at times fluctuating in severity. 

1. A pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of chronic disorders associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which composition comprises viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Clostridia.
 2. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the Clostridia is selected from the group consisting of Clostridium absonum, Clostridium argentinense, Clostridium baratii, Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium cadaveris, Clostridium carnis, Clostridium celatum, Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium clostridioforme, Clostridium cochlearium, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium fallax, Clostridium felsineum, Clostridium ghonii, Clostridium glycolicum, Clostridium haemolyticum, Clostridium hastiforme, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium irregulare, Clostridium limosum, Clostridium malenominatum, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium oroticum, Clostridium paraputrificum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium piliforme, Clostridium putrefaciens, Clostridium putrificum, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium sardiniense, Clostridium sartagoforme, Clostridium scindens, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium sordellii, Clostridium sphenoides, Clostridium spiroforme, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium subterminale, Clostridium symbiosum, Clostridium tertium, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium welchii, Clostridium villosum.
 3. A composition according to either claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the composition further comprises at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bacteroides.
 4. A composition according to claim 3, wherein said Bacteroides is selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides capillosus, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides forsythus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis-ryhmä, Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides levii, Bacteroides macacae, Bacteroides merdae, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides pneumosintes, Bacteroides putredinis, Bacteroides pyogenes, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides tectum, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Bacteroides vulgatus.
 5. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the composition further comprises one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.
 6. A composition according to claim 5, wherein the one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms are Bacteroides fragilis ss. Vulgatus, Eubacterium aerofaciens, Bacteroides fragilis ss. Thetaiotaomicron, Peptostreptococcus productus II, Bacteroides fragilis ss. Distasonis, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium aerofaciens III, Peptostreptococcus productus I, Ruminococcus bronii, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Gemmiger formicilis, Bifidobacterium longum, Eubacterium siraeum, Ruminococcus torques, Eubacterium rectale III-H, Eubacterium rectale IV, Eubacterium eligens, Bacteroides eggerthii, Clostridium leptum, Bacteroides fragilis ss. A, Eubacterium biforme, Bifidobacterium infantis, Eubacterium rectale III-F, Coprococcus comes, Bacteroides capillosus, Ruminococcus albus, Eubacterium formicigenerans, Eubacterium haffii, Eubacterium ventriosum I, Fusobacterium russii, Ruminococcus obeum, Eubacterium rectale II, Clostridium ramosum I, Lactobacillus leichmanii, Ruminococcus cailidus, Butyrivibrio crossotus, Acidaminococcus fermentans, Eubacterium ventriosum, Bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis, Bacteroides AR, Coprococcus catus, Eubacterium hadrum, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium ruminantium, Eubacterium CH-1, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Peptostreptococcus BL, Eubacterium limosum, Bacteroides praeacutus, Bacteroides L, Fusobacterium mortiferum I, Fusobacterium naviforme, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium ramosum, Propionibacterium acnes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus AT, Peptococcus AU-1, Eubacterium AG, -AK, -AL, -AL-1, -AN; Bacteroides fragilis ss. ovatus, -ss. d, -ss. f; Bacteroides L-1, L-5; Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium mortiferum, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus morbillorum, Peptococcus magnus, Peptococcus G, -AU-2; Streptococcus intermedius, Ruminococcus lactaris, Ruminococcus CO Gemmiger X, Coprococcus BH, —CC; Eubacterium tenue, Eubacterium ramulus, Eubacterium AE, -AG-H, -AG-M, -AJ, -BN-1; Bacteroides clostridiiformis ss. clostridliformis, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides orails, Bacteroides ruminicola ss. brevis, -ss. ruminicola, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Desuifomonas pigra, Bacteroides L-4, -N-i; Fusobacterium H, Lactobacillus G, or Succinivibrio A.
 7. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the composition further comprises fungi.
 8. A composition according to claim 7, wherein the fungi are Monilia.
 9. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the composition further comprises at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bifidobacterium.
 10. A pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of chronic disorders associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which composition comprises viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus.
 11. A composition according to claim 10, wherein the composition further comprises one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.
 12. A pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of chronic disorders associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which composition comprises viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Escherichia coli, at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bacteroides and at least one other viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism.
 13. A composition according to claim 10, wherein the Bacteroides is selected form the group consisting of Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides capillosus, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides distasonis Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides forsythus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis-ryhmä, Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides levii, Bacteroides macacae, Bacteroides merdae, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides pneumosintes, Bacteroides putredinis, Bacteroides pyogenes, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides tectum, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Bacteroides vulgatus.
 14. A composition according to claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the composition further comprises one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.
 15. A composition according to any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the other viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Peptostreptococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus.
 16. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 15, further comprising an acid suppressant.
 17. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16, further comprising an antacid.
 18. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 17, further comprising an H2 antagonist.
 19. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 18, further comprising a proton pump inhibitor.
 20. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein said microorganisms are spores.
 21. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the composition is lyophilised, pulverised and powdered.
 22. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the composition is a liquid culture.
 23. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 22, in the form of an enteric coated capsule, an enteric coated microcapsule, or a powder suitable for reconstitution.
 24. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 23, presented in the form of an enema.
 25. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 23, in the form of a food additive.
 26. A composition according to claim 25, wherein said food is a dairy-based product, a soy-based product, or a derivative thereof.
 27. A composition according to either claim 25 or claim 26, wherein said food is yogurt.
 28. A food or food supplement containing a composition according to any one of claims 1 to
 23. 29. A method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a chronic disorder associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a composition comprising viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Clostridia for a period of time sufficient to displace the existing microflora.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the Clostridia is selected from the group consisting of Clostridium absonum, Clostridium argentinense, Clostridium baratii, Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium cadaveris, Clostridium carnis, Clostridium celatum, Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium clostridioforme, Clostridium cochlearium, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium fallax, Clostridium felsineum, Clostridium ghonii, Clostridium glycolicum, Clostridium haemolyticum, Clostridium hastiforme, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium irregulare, Clostridium limosum, Clostridium malenominatum, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium oroticum, Clostridium paraputrificum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium piliforme, Clostridium putrefaciens, Clostridium putrificum, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium sardiniense, Clostridium sartagoforme, Clostridium scindens, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium sordellii, Clostridium sphenoides, Clostridium spiroforme, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium subterminale, Clostridium symbiosum, Clostridium tertium, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium welchii, Clostridium villosum.
 31. The method of either claim 29 or claim 30, further comprising administering at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bacteroides.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein said Bacteroides is selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides capillosus, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides forsythus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis-ryhmä, Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides levii, Bacteroides macacae, Bacteroides merdae, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides pneumosintes, Bacteroides putredinis, Bacteroides pyogenes, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides tectum, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Bacteroides vulgatus.
 33. A method according to any one of claims 29 to 32, further comprising administering one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.
 34. A method according to claim 33 wherein the one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms are Bacteroides fragilis ss. Vulgatus, Eubacterium aerofaciens, Bacteroides fragilis ss. Thetaiotaomicron, Peptostreptococcus productus II, Bacteroides fragilis ss. Distasonis, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium aerofaciens III, Peptostreptococcus productus I, Ruminococcus bronii, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Gemmiger formicilis, Bifidobacterium longum, Eubacterium siraeum, Ruminococcus torques, Eubacterium rectale III-H, Eubacterium rectale IV, Eubacterium eligens, Bacteroides eggerthii, Clostridium leptum, Bacteroides fragilis ss. A, Eubacterium biforme, Bifidobacterium infantis, Eubacterium rectale III-F, Coprococcus comes, Bacteroides capillosus, Ruminococcus albus, Eubacterium formicigenerans, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium ventriosum I, Fusobacterium russii, Ruminococcus obeum, Eubacterium rectale II, Clostridium ramosum I, Lactobacillus leichmanii, Ruminococcus cailidus, Butyrivibrio crossotus, Acidaminococcus fermentans, Eubacterium ventriosum, Bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis, Bacteroides AR, Coprococcus catus, Eubacterium hadrum, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium ruminantium, Eubacterium CH-1, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Peptostreptococcus BL, Eubacterium limosum, Bacteroides praeacutus, Bacteroides L, Fusobacterium mortiferum I, Fusobacterium naviforme, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium ramosum, Propionibacterium acnes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus AT, Peptococcus AU-1, Eubacterium AG, -AK, -AL, -AL-1, -AN; Bacteroides fragilis ss. ovatus, -ss. d, -ss. f; Bacteroides L-1, L-5; Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium mortiferum, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus morbiliorum, Peptococcus magnus, Peptococcus G, -AU-2; Streptococcus intermedius, Ruminococcus lactaris, Ruminococcus CO Gemmiger X, Coprococcus BH, —CC; Eubacterium tenue, Eubacterium ramulus, Eubacterium AE, -AG-H, -AG-M, -AJ, -BN-1; Bacteroides clostridiiformis ss. clostridliformis, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides orails, Bacteroides rumlnicola ss. brevis, -ss. ruminicola, Bacteroides splanchnlcus, Desuifomonas pigra, Bacteroides L-4, -N-i; Fusobacterium H, Lactobacillus G, or Succinivibrio A.
 35. A method according to any one of claims 29 to 34, further comprising administering fungi.
 36. A method according to claim 35, wherein the fungi are Monilia.
 37. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 36, further comprising administering at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bifidobacterium.
 38. A method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a chronic disorder associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a composition comprising viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus for a period of time sufficient to displace the existing microflora.
 39. A method according to claim 38, further comprising administering one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.
 40. A method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a chronic disorder associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a composition comprising viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Escherichia coli, at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bacteroides and at least one other viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism for a period of time sufficient to displace the existing microflora.
 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the Bacteroides is selected form the group consisting of Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides capillosus, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides forsythus, Bacteroides. fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis-ryhmä, Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides levii, Bacteroides macacae, Bacteroides merdae, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides pneumosintes, Bacteroides putredinis, Bacteroides pyogenes, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides tectum, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Bacteroides vulgatus.
 42. A method according to claim 41, further comprising administering one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.
 43. The method according to any one of claims 40 to 42, wherein the other viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Peptostreptococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus.
 44. A method according to any one of claims 29 to 43, further comprising administering an acid suppressant.
 45. A method according to any one of claims 29 to 44, further comprising administering an antacid.
 46. A method according to any one of claims 29 to 45, further comprising administering an H2 antagonist.
 47. A method according to any one of claims 29 to 46, further comprising administering a proton pump inhibitor.
 48. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 47, wherein said microorganisms are spores.
 49. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 47, wherein the composition is lyophilised, pulverised and powdered.
 50. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 47, wherein the composition is a liquid culture.
 51. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 50, wherein the composition is administered in the form of an enteric coated capsule, an enteric coated microcapsule, or a reconstituted powder.
 52. A method according to any one of claims 29 to 51, wherein the composition is administered in the form of an enema.
 53. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 51, wherein the composition is administered in the form of a food or drink.
 54. The method according to claim 53, wherein said food is a dairy-based product, a soy-based product, or a derivative thereof.
 55. The method according to either claim 53 or claim 54, wherein said food is yogurt.
 56. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 55, wherein the period of time sufficient to displace the existing microflora is several days to several weeks.
 57. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 56, wherein the mammalian host is human.
 58. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 57, further comprising administration of an effective amount of at least one antibiotic prior to administering said composition.
 59. The method according to claim 58, wherein said antibiotic is an anti-Clostridial antibiotic.
 60. The method according to claim 59, wherein said anti-Clostridial antibiotic is selected from the group consisting of vancomycin, rifampicin, and nitroimidazole.
 61. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 60, further comprising nasogastric and/or nasoduodenal washout prior to administering said composition.
 62. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 60, wherein the composition is administered by ingestion or by parenteral infusion.
 63. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 60, wherein administration is by enema, per-colonoscope, by intubation of the small bowel or orally.
 64. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 63, wherein the chronic disorder is a gastrointestinal disorder, a rheumatic disorder, an immune mediated disorder, an auto-immune disorder, a neurological disorder, a regressive disorder, a liver disorder, a psychiatric disorder or a dermatological condition.
 65. The method of claim 64, wherein said gastrointestinal disorder is irritable bowel syndrome or spastic colon.
 66. The method of claim 64, wherein said gastrointestinal disorder is functional bowel disease (FBD), inflammatory bowel disease, chronic gut infection, or a viral gastrointestinal disorder.
 67. The method of claim 66, wherein said functional bowel disease is constipation predominant FBD, pain predominant FBD, upper abdominal FBD (non ulcer dyspepsia), or gastro oesophageal reflux.
 68. The method of claim 66, wherein said inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis, collagenous colitis, microscopic colitis, chronic Clostridium difficile infection, pseudomembranous colitis, mucous colitis, antibiotic associated colitis, idiopathic or simple constipation, diverticular disease, AIDS enteropathy, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, coeliac disease, polyposis coli, colonic polyps, or chronic idiopathic pseudo obstructive syndrome.
 69. The method of claim 66, wherein said chronic gut infection is a bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoal infection.
 70. The method of claim 66, wherein said viral gastrointestinal disorder is viral gastroenteritis, Norwalk viral gastroenteritis, rotavirus gastroenteritis, AIDS related gastroenteritis.
 71. The method of claim 64, wherein said rheumatic disorder is rheumatoid arthritis, non-rheumatoid arthritidies, non rheumatoid factor positive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, or Lyme Disease.
 72. The method of claim 64, wherein said immune mediated disorder is glomerulonephritis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, juvenile diabetes mellitus, mixed cryoglobulinaemia, polyarteritis, familial Mediterranean fever, amyloidosis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, or Behcets syndrome.
 73. The method of claim 64, wherein said auto-immune disorder is systemic Lupus, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Sjogren's syndrome, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, or scleroderma.
 74. The method of claim 64, wherein said neurological disorder is chronic fatigue syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Guillain Barre syndrome, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP), migraine or myasthenia gravis.
 75. The method of claim 64, wherein said regressive disorder is Aspergers syndrome, Rett syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or attention deficit disorder (ADD).
 76. The method of claim 64, wherein said regressive disorder is autism.
 77. The method of claim 64, wherein said disorder is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) or anorexia nervosa.
 78. The method of claim 64, wherein said liver disorder is primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, fatty liver or cryptogenic cirrhosis.
 79. The method of claim 64, wherein said psychiatric disorder is chronic depression, schizophrenia/psychotic disorders, or manic depressive illness.
 80. The method of claim 64, wherein said dermatological condition is chronic urticaria, acne, dermatitis herpetiformis or a vasculitic disorder.
 81. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 80, wherein each dose is at least about 10³ cells.
 82. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 80, wherein each dose is in the range of about 10³ cells to about 10¹³ cells.
 83. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 80, wherein each dose is in the range of about 10⁵ cells to about 10¹¹ cells.
 84. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 80, wherein each dose is in the range of about 10⁷ cells to about 10⁹ cells.
 85. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 84, further comprising an initial treatment regimen of about 10¹⁰ cells per dose administered 3 to 6 times per day for a period sufficient to stabilise the gut flora.
 86. The method according to claim 85, wherein the period sufficient to stabilise the gut flora is about 7 to about 10 days.
 87. A method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a chronic disorder associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 28 for a period of time sufficient to displace the existing microflora.
 88. A method according to claim 87, further comprising administering an acid suppressant.
 89. A method according to claim 87 or claim 88, further comprising administering an antacid.
 90. A method according to any one of claims 87 to 89, further comprising administering an H2 antagonist.
 91. A method according to any one of claims 87 to 90, further comprising administering a proton pump inhibitor.
 92. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 91, wherein said microorganisms are spores.
 93. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 91, wherein the composition is lyophilised, pulverised and powdered.
 94. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 91, wherein the composition is a liquid culture.
 95. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 94, wherein the composition is administered in the form of an enteric coated capsule, an enteric coated microcapsule, or a reconstituted powder.
 96. A method according to any one of claims 87 to 95, wherein the composition is administered in the form of an enema.
 97. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 95, wherein the composition is administered in the form of a food or drink.
 98. The method according to claim 97, wherein said food is a dairy-based product, a soy-based product, or a derivative thereof.
 99. The method according to either claim 97 or claim 98, wherein said food is yogurt.
 100. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 99, wherein the period of time sufficient to displace the existing microflora is several days to several weeks.
 101. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 100, wherein the mammalian host is human.
 102. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 101, further comprising administration of an effective amount of at least one antibiotic prior to administering said composition.
 103. The method according to claim 102, wherein said antibiotic is an anti-Clostridial antibiotic.
 104. The method according to claim 103, wherein said anti-Clostridial antibiotic is selected from the group consisting of vancomycin, rifampicin, and nitroimidazole.
 105. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 104, further comprising nasogastric and/or nasoduodenal washout prior to administering said composition.
 106. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 104, wherein the composition is administered by ingestion or by parenteral infusion.
 107. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 104, wherein administration is by enema, per-colonoscope, by intubation of the small bowel or orally.
 108. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 107, wherein the chronic disorder is a gastrointestinal disorder, a rheumatic disorder, an immune mediated disorder, an auto-immune disorder, a neurological disorder, a regressive disorder, a liver disorder, a psychiatric disorder or a dermatological condition.
 109. The method of claim 108, wherein said gastrointestinal disorder is irritable bowel syndrome or spastic colon.
 110. The method of claim 108, wherein said gastrointestinal disorder is functional bowel disease (FBD), inflammatory bowel disease, chronic gut infection, or a viral gastrointestinal disorder.
 111. The method of claim 110, wherein said functional bowel disease is constipation predominant FBD, pain predominant FBD, upper abdominal FBD, non ulcer dyspepsia, or gastro oesophageal reflux.
 112. The method of claim 110, wherein said inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis, collagenous colitis, microscopic colitis, chronic Clostridium difficile infection, pseudomembranous colitis, mucous colitis, antibiotic associated colitis, idiopathic or simple constipation, diverticular disease, AIDS enteropathy, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, coeliac disease, polyposis coli, colonic polyps, or chronic idiopathic pseudo obstructive syndrome.
 113. The method of claim 110, wherein said chronic gut infection is a bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoal infection.
 114. The method of claim 110, wherein said viral gastrointestinal disorder is viral gastroenteritis, Norwalk viral gastroenteritis, rotavirus gastroenteritis, AIDS related gastroenteritis.
 115. The method of claim 108, wherein said rheumatic disorder is rheumatoid arthritis, non-rheumatoid arthritidies, non rheumatoid factor positive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, or Lyme Disease.
 116. The method of claim 108, wherein said immune mediated disorder is glomerulonephritis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, juvenile diabetes mellitus, mixed cryoglobulinaemia, polyarteritis, familial Mediterranean fever, amyloidosis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, or Behcets syndrome.
 117. The method of claim 108, wherein said auto-immune disorder is systemic Lupus, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Sjogren's syndrome, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, or scleroderma.
 118. The method of claim 108, wherein said neurological disorder is chronic fatigue syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Guillain Barre syndrome, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP), migraine or myasthenia gravis.
 119. The method of claim 108, wherein said regressive disorder is Aspergers syndrome, Rett syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or attention deficit disorder (ADD).
 120. The method of claim 108, wherein said regressive disorder is autism.
 121. The method of claim 108, wherein said disorder is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), anorexia nervosa.
 122. The method of claim 108, wherein said liver disorder is primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, fatty liver or cryptogenic cirrhosis.
 123. The method of claim 108, wherein said psychiatric disorder is chronic depression, schizophrenia/psychotic disorders, or manic depressive illness.
 124. The method of claim 108, wherein said dermatological condition is chronic urticaria, acne, dermatitis herpetiformis or a vasculitic disorder.
 125. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 124, wherein each dose is at least about 10³ cells.
 126. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 124, wherein each dose is in the range of about 10³ cells to about 10¹³ cells.
 127. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 124, wherein each dose is in the range of about 10⁵ cells to about 10″ cells.
 128. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 124, wherein each dose is in the range of about 10⁷ cells to about 10⁹ cells.
 129. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 128, further comprising an initial treatment regimen of about 10¹⁰ cells per dose administered 3 to 6 times per day for a period sufficient to stabilise the gut flora.
 130. The method according to claim 129, wherein the period sufficient to stabilise the gut flora is about 7 to about 10 days.
 131. Use of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Clostridia for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a chronic disorder associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora.
 132. The use of claim 131, wherein the Clostridia is selected from the group consisting of Clostridium absonum, Clostridium argentinense, Clostridium baratii, Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium cadaveris, Clostridium carnis, Clostridium celatum, Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium clostridioforme, Clostridium cochlearium, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium fallax, Clostridium felsineum, Clostridium ghonii, Clostridium glycolicum, Clostridium haemolyticum, Clostridium hastiforme, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium irregulare, Clostridium limosum, Clostridium malenominatum, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium oroticum, Clostridium paraputrificum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium piliforme, Clostridium putrefaciens, Clostridium putrificum, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium sardiniense, Clostridium sartagoforme, Clostridium scindens, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium sordeffii, Clostridium sphenoides, Clostridium spiroforme, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium subterminale, Clostridium symbiosum, Clostridium tedium, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium welchii, Clostridium villosum.
 133. The use of either claim 131 or claim 132, further comprising at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bacteroides.
 134. The use of claim 133, wherein said Bacteroides is selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides capillosus, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides forsythus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis-ryhmä, Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides levii, Bacteroides macacae, Bacteroides merdae, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides pneumosintes, Bacteroides putredinis, Bacteroides pyogenes, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides tectum, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Bacteroides vulgatus.
 135. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 134, further comprising one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.
 136. The use according to claim 135 wherein the one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms are Bacteroides fragilis ss. Vulgatus, Eubacterium aerofaciens, Bacteroides fragilis ss. Thetaiotaomicron, Peptostreptococcus productus II, Bacteroides fragilis ss. Distasonis, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium aerofaciens III, Peptostreptococcus productus I, Ruminococcus bronii, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Gemmiger formicilis, Bifidobacterium longum, Eubacterium siraeum, Ruminococcus torques, Eubacterium rectale III-H, Eubacterium rectale IV, Eubacterium eligens, Bacteroides eggerthii, Clostridium leptum, Bacteroides fragilis ss. A, Eubacterium biforme, Bifidobacterium infantis, Eubacterium rectale III-F, Coprococcus comes, Bacteroides capillosus, Ruminococcus albus, Eubacterium formicigenerans, Eubacterium haffii, Eubacterium ventriosum I, Fusobacterium russii, Ruminococcus obeum, Eubacterium rectale II, Clostridium ramosum I, Lactobacillus leichmanii, Ruminococcus cailidus, Butyrivibrio crossotus, Acidaminococcus fermentans, Eubacterium ventriosum, Bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis, Bacteroides AR, Coprococcus catus, Eubacterium hadrum, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium ruminantium, Eubacterium CH-1, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Peptostreptococcus BL, Eubacterium limosum, Bacteroides praeacutus, Bacteroides L, Fusobacterium mortiferum I, Fusobacterium naviforme, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium ramosum, Propionibacterium acnes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus AT, Peptococcus AU-1, Eubacterium AG, -AK, -AL, -AL-1, -AN; Bacteroides fragilis ss. ovatus, -ss. d, -ss. f; Bacteroides L-1, L-5; Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium mortiferum, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus morbiliorum, Peptococcus magnus, Peptococcus G, -AU-2; Streptococcus intermedius, Ruminococcus lactaris, Ruminococcus CO Gemmiger X, Coprococcus BH, —CC; Eubacterium tenue, Eubacterium ramulus, Eubacterium AE, -AG-H, -AG-M, -AJ, -BN-1; Bacteroides clostridiiformis ss. clostridliformis, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides orailis, Bacteroides ruminicola ss. brevis, -ss. ruminicola, Bacteroides splanchnlcus, Desuifomonas pigra, Bacteroides L-4, -N-i; Fusobacterium H, Lactobacillus G, or Succinivibrio A.
 137. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 136, further comprising fungi.
 138. The use according to claim 137, wherein the fungi are Monilia.
 139. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 138, further comprising at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bifidobacterium.
 140. Use of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a chronic disorder associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora.
 141. The use according to claim 140, further comprising one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.
 142. Use of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Escherichia coli, at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bacteroides and at least one other viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a chronic disorder associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora.
 143. The use of claim 142, wherein the Bacteroides is selected form the group consisting of Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides capillosus, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides forsythus, Bacteroides. fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides levii, Bacteroides macacae, Bacteroides merdae, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides pneumosintes, Bacteroides putredinis, Bacteroides pyogenes, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides tectum, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Bacteroides vulgatus.
 144. The use according to claim 142, further comprising one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.
 145. The use according to any one of claims 142 to 144, wherein the other viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Peptostreptococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus.
 146. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 145, further comprising an acid suppressant.
 147. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 146, further comprising an antacid.
 148. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 147, further comprising an H2 antagonist.
 149. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 148, further comprising a proton pump inhibitor.
 150. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 149, wherein said microorganisms are spores.
 151. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 150, wherein the microorganisms are lyophilised, pulverised and powdered.
 152. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 151, wherein the microorganism is a liquid culture.
 153. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 152, wherein the medicament is an enteric coated capsule, an enteric coated microcapsule, or a reconstituted powder.
 154. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 153, wherein the medicament is administered in the form of an enema.
 155. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 154, wherein the medicament is administered in the form of a food or drink.
 156. The use according to claim 155, wherein said food is a dairy-based product, a soy-based product, or a derivative thereof.
 157. The use according to either claim 155 or claim 156, wherein said food is yogurt.
 158. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 157, wherein the treatment and/or prophylaxis period is several days to several weeks.
 159. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 158, wherein the mammalian host is human.
 160. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 159, wherein the medicament is suitable for administration by ingestion or by parenteral infusion.
 161. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 159, wherein the medicament is suitable for administration by enema, per-colonoscope, by intubation of the small bowel or orally.
 162. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 161, wherein the chronic disorder is a gastrointestinal disorder, a rheumatic disorder, an immune mediated disorder, an auto-immune disorder, a neurological disorder, a regressive disorder, a liver disorder, a psychiatric disorder or a dermatological condition.
 163. The use of claim 162, wherein said gastrointestinal disorder is irritable bowel syndrome or spastic colon.
 164. The use of claim 163, wherein said gastrointestinal disorder is functional bowel disease (FBD), inflammatory bowel disease, chronic gut infection, or a viral gastrointestinal disorder.
 165. The use of claim 164, wherein said functional bowel disease is constipation predominant FBD, pain predominant FBD, upper abdominal FBD (non ulcer dyspepsia), or gastro oesophageal reflux.
 166. The use of claim 164, wherein said inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis, collagenous colitis, microscopic colitis, chronic Clostridium difficile infection, pseudomembranous colitis, mucous colitis, antibiotic associated colitis, idiopathic or simple constipation, diverticular disease, AIDS enteropathy, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, coeliac disease, polyposis coli, colonic polyps, or chronic idiopathic pseudo obstructive syndrome.
 167. The use of claim 164, wherein said chronic gut infection is a bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoal infection.
 168. The use of claim 164, wherein said viral gastrointestinal disorder is viral gastroenteritis, Norwalk viral gastroenteritis, rotavirus gastroenteritis, AIDS related gastroenteritis.
 169. The use of claim 162, wherein said rheumatic disorder is rheumatoid arthritis, non-rheumatoid arthritidies, non rheumatoid factor positive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, or Lyme Disease.
 170. The use of claim 162, wherein said immune mediated disorder is glomerulonephritis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, juvenile diabetes mellitus, mixed cryoglobulinaemia, polyarteritis, familial Mediterranean fever, amyloidosis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, or Behcets syndrome.
 171. The use of claim 162, wherein said auto-immune disorder is systemic Lupus, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Sjogren's syndrome, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, or scleroderma.
 172. The use of claim 162, wherein said neurological disorder is chronic fatigue syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Guillain Barre syndrome, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP), migraine or myasthenia gravis.
 173. The use of claim 162, wherein said regressive disorder is Aspergers syndrome, Rett syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or attention deficit disorder (ADD).
 174. The use of claim 162, wherein said regressive disorder is autism.
 175. The use of claim 162, wherein said disorder is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) or anorexia nervosa.
 176. The use of claim 162, wherein said liver disorder is primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, fatty liver or cryptogenic cirrhosis.
 177. The use of claim 162, wherein said psychiatric disorder is chronic depression, schizophrenia/psychotic disorders, or manic depressive illness.
 178. The use of claim 162, wherein said dermatological condition is chronic urticaria, acne, dermatitis herpetiformis or a vasculitic disorder.
 179. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 178, wherein each dose of the medicament is at least about 10³ cells.
 180. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 178, wherein each dose of the medicament is in the range of about 10³ cells to about 10¹³ cells.
 181. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 178, wherein each dose of the medicament is in the range of about 10⁵ cells to about 10¹¹ cells.
 182. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 178, wherein each dose of the medicament is in the range of about 10⁷ cells to about 10⁹ cells. 